Vowel Harmony Rule - Ünlü (sesli) uyumu

Back and front vowels (Büyük ünlü uyumu)

Turkish has eight vowels. Four of them are front vowels: e, i, ö, ü. These front vowels are produced with the tongue forward in the mouth: the middle-to-front portion of the tongue is raised towards the front of the roof of the mouth (although it does not touch the roof of the mouth).

Changes in Consonants - Ünsüz uyumu

There are two groups of consonants in the Turkish alphabet :

• A) Voiceless consonants: ç f h k p s ş t
• B) Voiced consonants: All other consonants

The voiceless consonants ç k p and t may be replaced by their voiced counterparts c ğ b and d.
We can show them by following symbols:

ç /c k/ ğ p /b t /d

Two sorts of consonants change may occur