Must (Necessity) - Gereklik kipi

The necessity of having to do something can be expressed by adding the suffix –meli or –malı to verbs.
Verb + (negative) + meli/ malı + person.

Belirtisiz Tamlama, Takısız Ad Tamlaması - Indefinite compound, Bare compounds

Belirtisiz Tamlama (Indefinite compound)- Takısız Ad Tamlaması (Bare compounds)

It is formed without the suffix -ın -in –un -ün (Tamlayan eki) but only with the third person possessive suffix ı, i, u, ü (Tamlanan eki).

Example:cep telefon + u

mağaza	sahip	+	i
Ad	Ad	+	Iyelik

Tamlayan	Tamlanan
okul	takımı
sınıf kapısının	kolu

Var , Yok - There is , there are, to have, to exist

Var means "there is , there are, to have, to exist". It is mostly used in the third person but can also take all the other personal endings.

Caddede arabalar ve otobüsler var.

There are cars and buses in the street. Duvarda iki resim ve iki harita var.

There are two pıctures and two maps on the wall. Masanın üstünde beş kitap var.

There are five books on the table. Evde bir televizyon ve bir yatak var.

There are a television and a bed ın the house. Bahçede ağaçlar var.

There are trees in the garden.

Ablative Case - Çıkma, Uzaklaşma durumu

Ablative Case - Çıkma, Uzaklaşma durumu "den hali" (-dan, –den, –an, –ten)

The ablative case expresses:

a) departure, seperation, b)cause, c) comparison, d) the material from which something is made, e) part or member, f) place from which

The suffix –den, -dan becomes –ten,-tan if the word ends with one of the following consonants:

p, ç, t, k, s, ş, f, h.

The Locative case - Bulunma (kalma) Durumu (-Da/De Hali)

The locative case expresses the location which may be:
• Place : okul-da(at school), yer-de (on the floor), sinema-da (at the theatre), bahçe-de (at the garden)
• Time: altı Haziran-da(on six June), sonbaharda(in the autumn)
• in an abstract : televizyon-da güzel bir film var ( there is a nice film on television), gençlik-te (in young age), sağlik-te (in health), yemek-te (the act of eating)
• the locative case is also used with expressions indicating shape, size, colour and age: Kalp şeklinde bir taş (a stone in a shape of a heart), yirmi metre uzunluğun-da bir bina (a building of twenty metres length, portakal rengin-de bir elbise ( a dress of an orange- colour), otuz yaşın-da (30 years old), aynı fikir-de-yiz(we have the same opinion)

The Dative case - Yönelme durumu

The Dative case is formed by putting the suffixes –(y)a , -(y)e according to the previous vowel of the word (vowel harmony). If the word ends to a vowel, then, the suffix becomes -ya or –ye, if not, then you just put –a or –e

a,ı,o,u------- -(-y)a e,i,ö,ü------- -(y)e

Past Indefinite (gitmiş) - Miş'li Geçmiş Zaman

In the simple past tense (past definite tense) when you say "o gitti-he went" you are sure he went (it is definite).
In the past indefinite form: When you say o gitmiş ıt means "he (allegedly reportedly presumably unconscıously) went" but you may not be sure enough to say "o gitti".

The Simple Present Tense - Geniş Zaman

The Simple Present Tense has a number of different forms depending on the verb base to which it is added.

Verbs ending in a vowel take -R

oku-rum	i read
bekle-rsin	you wait
başla-rlar	they start
anla-rız	we understand
iste-r	he wants
topla-rsınız	you collect

Wishes - Dilek şart kipi

Volitional utterances are not statements, but expressions of the speaker's (or in interrogative forms the hearer's will or desire in relation to the situation expressed.

The Simple Past Tense - Görülen geçmiş zaman

Verbs

Verbs are generally given with a -mek or -mak suffix. This is how you find verbs in most dictionaries, and this form is called the infinitive. The suffix is left out when a verb is used in a sentence, except when you want to use the infinitive form; for example, gelmek means 'to come', gel- is the base 'come', and -mek is the infinitive suffix 'to'. All the suffixes that a verb can take are added to the base after removing the -mek or -mak suffix.

The present continuous tense: -(İ)YOR

This tense is used to indicate action going on at the time of speaking. It is also used for habitual action, action done repeatedly as a routine, and also for future action, especially when used in the company of words referring to the future, like 'tomorrow' or 'next year'. It corresponds to the 'am/is/are ...ing' tense in English and also to the English present and future.

Imperatives - Emir kipi

Basic commands: no marker or (y)in(iz). The standard imperative forms express straightforward commands.

Bu para-yı babanıza verin
• The longer 2nd person plural form ıs used mainly for formal public commands
  Lütfen kemerlerinizi bağlayın
  Please fasten your seatbelts
• 3rd person ınstructıons:(-sınlar)
  Çocuklar burada kalsınlar
  Let the children stay here
• İf the speaker is only interested in getting an action done(or preventing its being done) a passive form may be used
  Artık buraya afış asılmasın
  Let no notices be put here from now on
• When a 3rd person imperative form is used in a question the speaker is consulting the hearer as to whether she or he wishes a certaın action to be performed or a situation to occur
  Çocuklar burada mı kalsınlar?
  Should the children stay here?

Vowel Harmony Rule - Ünlü (sesli) uyumu

Back and front vowels (Büyük ünlü uyumu)

Turkish has eight vowels. Four of them are front vowels: e, i, ö, ü. These front vowels are produced with the tongue forward in the mouth: the middle-to-front portion of the tongue is raised towards the front of the roof of the mouth (although it does not touch the roof of the mouth).

Interrogatıve pronouns

kim	who
ne	what
hangi	which
nere	where
ne zaman	when
kaç	how many
ne kadar	how much
nasıl	how
niye	why
neden	why
niçin	why

The Turkish Alphabet

The list below provides a rough guide to the pronunciation of the 22 consonants and 8 vowels in Turkish Alphabet. Only the most prominent aspects of pronunciation are highlighted.

Adverbs

Adverbs are words which tell us more about an action; they tell us where the action takes place, how it takes place and when it takes place, and are accordingly called adverbs of place, manner and time. Almost all Turkish adjectives can be used as adverbs.

The plural

Plural of nouns: -LER

The plural ending in Turkish is -ler or -lar. If the last vowel in the base (the main part of the word) is a front vowel - e, i, ö or ü - then the plural suffix is -ler:

Possessive case

Ben I Benim My
Sen You Senin Your
O She/He/It Onun His,her,its
Biz We Bizim Our
Siz You Sizin Your
Onlar They Onların Their
kim Who? Kimin Whose?

When the possesive case pronoun is followed by a noun, the noun takes possessive case too

Future Tense - Gelecek Zaman

Gelecek Zaman (Future Tense)
Future tense is used to explain something that will happen later. For the given verb add –acak, -ecek suffixes to the root of the verb.
verb stem future tense participle personal suffıx
Sev eceğ im
Anla y acak sın
Bekle y ecek .....
Çalış acağ ız
Başar acak sınız
Gör ecek ler



Örnek (Example):

Seçmek to choose
(Ben) seçeceğim (Biz) seçeceğiz
(Sen) seçeceksin (Siz) seçeceksiniz
(O) seçecek (Onlar) seçecekler
Note: If root of the verb is ending with a vowel, it gets /y/ letter before –acak, –ecek.
Example: oku-y-acak, tanı-y-acak, kaşı-y-acak, acı-y-acak, taşı-y-acak, uyu¬y-acak, üşü-y-ecek söyleyecek açıkla-y-acak söyle-y-ecek dinle-y-ecek
To make negative meaning add –ma (-me) before tense suffix (–acak, or -ecek). Read also previous note.
Örnek (Example):

bakmak to look at; to look after,
(Ben) bakma-y-acağ-ım (Biz) bakma-y-acağ-ız
(Sen) bakma-y-acak-sın (Siz) bakma-y-acak-sınız
(O) bakma-y-acak (Onlar) bakma-y-acak-lar
For question, personal suffix should be after question tag (-mı, -mi).
Örnek (Example):
sürmek to drive, to spread
(Ben) sür-ecek miyim? (Biz) sür-ecek miyiz?
(Sen) sür-ecek misin? (Siz) sür-ecek misiniz?
(O) sür-ecek mi? (Onlar) sür-ecek-ler mi?
For negative question
Örnek (Example):

sürmek to drive, to spread
(Ben) sür-me-y-ecek miyim? (Biz) sür- me-y-ecek miyiz?
(Sen) sür- me-y-ecek misin? (Siz) sür- me-y-ecek misiniz?
(O) sür- me-y-ecek mi? (Onlar) sür- me-y-ecek-ler mi?

The Verb "Olmak": To Be

The forms of the Turkish verb " to be" appear as suffixes. They are never used alone, as separate words ( when the verb "olmak " is used separately it means " to become, to happen ": hasta olmak to become ill.